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Variables
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Model I AOR (95% CI)
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Model II AOR (95% CI)
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Model III AOR (95% CI)
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Model IV AOR (95% CI)
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Individual-level factors
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Sex of neonate
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Male
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1
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1
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Female
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0.59 (0.47,0.73)
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0.59 (0.42, 0.83)*
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Age of respondent at 1st birth
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≤ 16
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1
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1
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> 16
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0.71 (0.65,0.78)*
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0.75 (0.59, 0.95)*
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Number of ANC visits during pregnancy
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≥ 4
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1
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1
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1–3
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1.16 (1.05, 1.28)*
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1.09 (1.01, 1.18)*
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No visit
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2.70 (2.37, 3.09)*
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2.33 (2.09, 2.61)*
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Duration of pregnancy
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Term
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1
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1
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Pre-term
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6.70 (5.57, 8.06)*
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5.97 (4.96, 7.20)*
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Preceding birth interval in month
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> 24
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1
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1
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≤ 24
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1.62 (1.45, 1.81)*
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1.51 (1.35, 1.68)*
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Birth order
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First order
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1
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1
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2–4
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1.16 (1.06, 1.28)*
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1.51 (1.28, 1.79)*
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≥ 5
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1.93 (1.77, 2.10)*
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2.15 (1.75, 2.64)*
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Number of TT injections during pregnancy
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≥ 4
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1
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1
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1–3
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1.51 (1.28, 1.79)*
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1.54 (1.30, 1.82)*
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Not received
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2.20 (1.86, 2.61)*
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2.28 (1.92, 2.71)*
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Type of birth
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Single birth
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1
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1
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Multiple birth
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4.60 (4.09, 5.17)
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3.18 (2.78, 3.63)*
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Place of delivery
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Health facility
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1
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1
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Home
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2.23 (1.66, 2.98)*
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1.99 (1.48, 2.69)*
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Size of child at birth
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Average
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1
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1
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Smaller than average
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1.92 (1.77, 2.09)*
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1.58 (1.46, 1.71)*
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Larger than average
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1.15 (0.98, 1.34)
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1.09 (0.88, 1.33)
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Duration of breastfeeding
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Still breastfeeding
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1
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1
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Ever breastfed, not currently breastfeeding
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1.22 (1.01,1.47)*
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1.12 (1.01, 1.24)*
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Never breastfed
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2.70 (2.37, 3.09)*
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2.43 (2.17, 2.72)*
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Mothers age
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15–24
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1
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1
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25–34
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1.10 (0.94, 1.29)
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1.10 (0.85, 1.40)
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35–49
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2.12 (1.76, 2.55)*
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2.03 (1.68, 2.46)*
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Mothers’ education
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Secondary and above
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1
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1
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Primary
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1.35 (1.10, 1.65)*
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1.21 (1.04, 1.40)*
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No education
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1.66 (1.35, 2.04)*
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1.58 (1.46, 1.71)*
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Wealth index
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Richer
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1
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1
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Middle
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1.39 (1.25, 1.55)*
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1.21 (1.06, 1.37)*
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Poor
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1.52 (1.41, 1.64)*
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1.29 (1.17, 1.41)*
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Fathers’ education
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Secondary and above
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1
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1
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Primary
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1.28 (1.10, 1.50)*
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1.19 (1.02, 1.39)*
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No education
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1.34 (1.14, 1.57)*
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1.32 (1.12, 1.54)*
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Community-level factors
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Residence
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Urban
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1
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1
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Rural
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2.06 (1.22, 3.47)*
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2.71 (2.23, 3.29)*
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Region
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Tigray
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1
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1
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Afar
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2.07 (1.01, 4.27)*
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1.32 (0.61, 2.86)
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Amhara
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3.72 (1.86, 7.43)*
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3.40 (1.60, 7.19)*
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Oromia
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4.86 (2.53, 9.31)*
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3.72 (1.84, 7.52)*
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Somali
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4.92 (2.57, 9.40)*
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3.36 (1.66, 6.80)*
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Benishangul
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3.34 (1.61, 6.94)*
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2.58 (1.19, 5.60)*
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SNNPR
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2.92 (1.46, 5.84)*
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2.62 (1.25, 5.49)*
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Gambela
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3.16 (1.48, 6.76)*
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1.95 (0.86, 4.43)
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Harari
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3.28 (1.48, 7.26)*
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3.53 (1.50, 8.32)*
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Addis Ababa
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0.40 (0.05, 3.29)
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0.49 (0.06, 4.01)
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Dire Dawa
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3.01 (1.24, 7.34)*
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3.11 (1.20, 8.03)*
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Source of drinking water
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Protected
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1
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1
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Unprotected
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1.26 (1.05, 1.53)*
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1.35 (1.16, 1.58)*
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Improved toilet facility
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Yes
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1
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1
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No
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1.43 (1.09, 1.88)*
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1.78 (1.50, 2.12)*
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- 1 Reference category for categorical variable and * reference p-value < 0.001
