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Table 3 Characteristics of the articles concerning bacterial contamination of HM in E. Africa that were reviewed in this study

From: Prevalence and dynamics of clinically significant bacterial contaminants in herbal medicines sold in East Africa from 2000 to 2020: a systematic review and meta-analysis

First author, year Year Country ROA Formulation Diseases treated Sampling technique Sample size BCS Study design Bacteria isolated
Sousa Lima et al., 2020 2020 Kenya Oral and topical Liquid, semi-solid, solid Not specified Entire 132 68 Cross-sectional S. aureus, Salmonella spp., E. coli, P. aeruginosa
Ngari, F.W., et al., 2013 2013 Kenya Oral Solid, liquid, semi-solid Oral diseases Entire 22 5 Cross-sectional E. coli, Salmonella typhi, P. aeruginosa
Wakome, M. J, 2015 2015 Kenya Oral and topical Solid, liquid Not specified Entire 150 142 Cross-sectional Klebsiella pneumonia, Escherichia coli
Khadijah. M. H, 2015 2015 Kenya Oral Solid, liquid HIV, TB, ulcers, cancer Purposive 89 29 Cross-sectional Salmonella spp., E. coli
Keter, K. L., et al., 2016 2016 Kenya Oral Solid, liquid Not specified purposive 100 90 Cross-sectional K. pneumonia, Shigella sonnei, Serratia erwinia, Serratia liquefaciens, Proteus penneri
Kaume, L., et al., 2012 2012 Kenya Oral Solid HIV Purposive 24 16   E. coli, S. aureus
Onyambu, 2013 2013 Kenya Not specified Liquid, solid Not specified Purposive 30 23 Cross-sectional E. coli, K. pneumoniae, Enterobacter aerogenes, S. aureus, Salmonella spp., Shigella spp.
Korir, R. et al., 2017 2017 Kenya Not specified Liquid, semi-solid, solid Not specified Purposive 138 117 Cross-sectional Klebsiella pneumoniae, Bacillus anthracoides, Proteus penner, S. aureus, Streptomyces spp., E. coli, Enterobacter aerogens, Serratia spp., Yersinia enterocolitica, Citrobacter spp., Shigella sonnei
Walther, C., et al., 2015 2015 Tanzania Not specified Liquid Not specified Purposive 109 89 Cross-sectional Klebsiella spp., Enterobacter spp.
Kira, J. D, 2015 2015 Tanzania Not specified Solids, liquids Not specified Random 50 9 Cross-sectional Escherichia coli, S. aureus
Nanyanzi, J., 2009 2009 Uganda Oral Liquids Cough Purposive 216 24 Cross-sectional Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp.
Musoke, W., 2019 2019 Uganda Oral Liquid, solid Cough, ulcer, diabetes, malaria Purposive 20 18 Cross-sectional S. aureus, E. coli
Niyoshima. D., 2016 2016 Uganda Not specified Liquid Not specified Purposive 170 40 Cross-sectional Staphylococcus aureus
Gonsha, R., 2012 2012 Uganda Oral Liquid Not specified Entire 100 100 Cross-sectional S. epidermidis, S. aureus, Enterobacter spp., E. coli, Citrobacter freundii
  1. ROA route of administration, BCS bacteriologically contaminated samples, P. aeruginosa Pseudomonas aeruginosa, E. coli Escherichia coli, S. aureus Staphylococcus aureus
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Tropical Medicine and Health

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